Evaluación de la respuesta sistémica en el postoperatorio de las cardiopatías congénitas / Evaluation of the postoperative systemic response in congenital heart defects

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Utilización del factor VII activado recombinante en niños no hemofílicos / Use of recombinant activated factor VII in non-hemophilic pediatric patients

Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la eficacia del factor VII activado recombinante (rFVIIa) en el tratamiento de la hemorragia incontrolable en niños no hemofílicos. Pacientes y método: Estudio retrospectivo y observacional de los niños no hemofílicos tratados con rFVIIa en nuestro hospital durante el periodo comprendido entre enero de 2005 y diciembre de 2011, como tratamiento coadyuvante de una hemorragia masiva incontrolable. Las variables estudiadas fueron las siguientes: edad, sexo, año de administración, número y cantidad de dosis, cese del sangrado y disminución de requerimientos transfusionales, valores de tiempo de protrombina, tiempo de tromplastina parcial activada, ratio internacional normalizada, recuento plaquetario y fibrinógeno en las 4 horas previas y posteriores a la administración de rFVIIa. Se realizó un análisis comparativo con la prueba de la χ2 o el test exacto de Fisher para las variables cualitativas y la prueba de la U de Mann-Whitney o el test de Wilcoxon para las cuantitativas. El nivel de significación se fijó en un valor de p <0,05. Resultados: Un total de 21 pacientes recibieron rFVIIa. El 74,1% tenía una cardiopatía congénita como patología de base, y la hemorragia quirúrgica cardiovascular fue la causa de sangrado más frecuente (47,6%). La dosis media utilizada fue de 93,4 ± 29,47 µg/kg. En el 81% de los casos se consiguió el control clínico del sangrado, y en el 71,4% disminuyeron las transfusiones post-rFVIIa de hematíes (p= 0,014) y plaquetas (p= 0,004). Ningún paciente desarrolló episodios tromboembólicos. La mortalidad global fue del 33%. Conclusiones: El uso de rFVIIa administrado como parte del tratamiento de una hemorragia incontrolable se asocia a un mejor control del sangrado y una disminución de los requerimientos de transfusión de productos sanguíneos, sin asociar efectos adversos (AU)

Objective: Determinate the efficacy of recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) in the treatment of uncontrollable bleeding in non-hemophilic pediatric patients. Patients and methods: Retrospective observational study of non-hemophilic children treated with rFVIIa in our hospital during the period January 2005 to December 2011, as adjunctive therapy for uncontrollable massive bleeding. Study variables: age, sex, year of administration, number and amount of dose, cessation of bleeding and decreased transfusion requirements, values of prothrombin time, activated partial tromplastina time, international normalized ratio, platelet count and fibrinogen in 4 hours before and after administration of rFVIIa. Comparative analysis was permorfed with the chi-square test or Fisher exact test for qualitative variables and Mann-Whitney U-test or Wilcoxon quantitative. Significance level p <0.05. Results: 21 patients received rFVIIa. 74.1% had congenital heart disease as underlying disease, cardiovascular surgical bleeding being the most common cause of bleeding (47.6%). The average dose was 93.4 ± 29.47 µg/kg. 81% achieved clinical control of bleeding, and decreased 71.4% post-rFVIIa transfusion of red blood cells (p= 0.014) and platelet count (p= 0.004). No patients developed thromboembolic events. Overall mortality was 33%. Conclusions: The use of rFVIIa administered as a part of the treatment of uncontrollable bleeding is associated with better control of bleeding and decreased transfusion requirements of blood products, without being associated with undesirable side effects (AU)

Saturación cerebral de oxígeno como marcador hemodinámico en la cirugía cardíaca / Regional cerebral oxygen saturation as a marker of hemodynamic state following cardiac surgery

Introducción: La saturación cerebral de oxígeno (SrcO2) es una medida del estado de perfusión y oxigenación. El objetivo ha sido analizar la relación entre la SrcO2 y varios parámetros hemodinámicos y respiratorios. Pacientes y métodos Entre octubre del 2011 y julio del 2012, se intervino a 43 niños que fueron incluidos en un estudio prospectivo, observacional y descriptivo. Se midieron la SrcO2 y la presión arterial media (PAM), y se realizaron gasometrías en sangre arterial y venosa. Se determinaron la saturación arterial (SaO2), la saturación venosa (SvcO2), la presión arterial de oxígeno (paO2) y anhídrido carbónico (paCO2), y el lactato, y se calcularon la paO2/FiO2, el índice de oxigenación (IO) y la extracción tisular de oxígeno (ETO2). Estas medidas fueron correlacionadas con la SrcO2, determinándose además la concordancia (índice Kappa) entre esta variable y las que resultaron significativas en el análisis de correlación. Resultados: La edad y el peso fueron de 27,3 meses y 9,2 kg. Se encontraron una correlación positiva de la SrcO2 con la SvcO2 (r = 0,73, p < 0,01) y con la PAM (r = 0,59, p < 0,01), y una correlación negativa con la ETO2 (r = −0,7, p < 0,01). La SrcO2 no se correlacionó con las variables respiratorias. El análisis de concordancia estableció un índice Kappa aceptable (> 0,4) entre la SrcO2 y la SvcO2, y entre la SrcO2 y la ETO2. Conclusiones: La SrcO2 se relaciona estadísticamente con variables hemodinámicas como la PAM, la SvcO2 y la ETO2, pero no con variables respiratorias (AU)

Introduction: Regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) is a measure of the general state of perfusion and oxygenation. We aim to analyze the relationship between this and various hemodynamic and respiratory parameters. Patients and methods: Forty-three patients, operated on between October 2011 and July 2012, were included in this prospective observational descriptive study. The following parameters were measured: mean arterial pressure, both arterial and central venous oxygen saturation and partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide, and lactate levels. From these parameters, the oxygenation index and the oxygen extraction ratio were calculated. These measurements were studied to evaluate whether rSO2 correlated significantly with the other parameters. Results: The average age and weight of the patients were 27.3 months and 9.2 kg, respectively. The rSO2 correlated positively with both central venous oxygen saturation (r = 0.73, P<0.01) and mean arterial pressure (r = 0.59, P<0.01), and negatively with the oxygen extraction ratio (r =−0.7, P<0.01). No correlation was found with the respiratory parameters. Concordance analysis established an acceptable Kappa index (> 0.4) between the rSO2 and central venous oxygen saturation, and between the rSO2 and oxygen extraction ratio. Conclusions: Regional cerebral oxygen saturation correlates well with hemodynamic parameters- mean arterial pressure, venous saturation, and the tissue oxygen extraction. However, it does not correlate with respiratory parameters (AU)

[Regional cerebral oxygen saturation as a marker of hemodynamic state following cardiac surgery]. / Saturación cerebral de oxígeno como marcador hemodinámico en la cirugía cardíaca.

INTRODUCTION: Regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) is a measure of the general state of perfusion and oxygenation. We aim to analyze the relationship between this and various hemodynamic and respiratory parameters. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-three patients, operated on between October 2011 and July 2012, were included in this prospective observational descriptive study. The following parameters were measured: mean arterial pressure, both arterial and central venous oxygen saturation and partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide, and lactate levels. From these parameters, the oxygenation index and the oxygen extraction ratio were calculated. These measurements were studied to evaluate whether rSO2 correlated significantly with the other parameters. RESULTS: The average age and weight of the patients were 27.3 months and 9.2 kg, respectively. The rSO2 correlated positively with both central venous oxygen saturation (r=0.73, P<.01) and mean arterial pressure (r=0.59, P<.01), and negatively with the oxygen extraction ratio (r=-0.7, P<.01). No correlation was found with the respiratory parameters. Concordance analysis established an acceptable Kappa index (> 0.4) between the rSO2 and central venous oxygen saturation, and between the rSO2 and oxygen extraction ratio. CONCLUSIONS: Regional cerebral oxygen saturation correlates well with hemodynamic parameters - mean arterial pressure, venous saturation, and the tissue oxygen extraction. However, it does not correlate with respiratory parameters.

Extracción de oxígeno como predictor de mortalidad en pacientes con ventilación con alta frecuencia / Oxygen extraction as a predictor of mortality in patients on high frequency ventilation

Introducción: La ventilación con alta frecuencia (VAFO) puede reducir el gasto cardíaco. Analizamos su repercusión hemodinámica e identificamos factores pronósticos de mortalidad. Pacientes y métodos: Entre enero del 2003 y diciembre del 2010, incluimos a 48 niños con fallo respiratorio sometidos a VAFO. El diseño del estudio fue prospectivo, observacional y descriptivo. Los criterios de inclusión se basaron en la existencia de hipoxemia. Las variables estudiadas fueron: presiones arterial y venosa central, pH arterial, saturación venosa e índice de extracción de oxígeno; haciéndose determinaciones previas a la VAFO, durante y antes de pasar a convencional. Se identificaron factores pronósticos mediante un análisis bivariante y determinamos un modelo predictivo de mortalidad. Resultados: La edad fue de 21 (4-72) meses. Al ingreso, las escalas de PRISM y Murray fueron de 33 y de 2,8, la PaO2/FiO2 de 61 y el índice de oxigenación de 35. Tras la VAFO, se obtuvo un aumento del pH (p>0,001), de la presión arterial media (p<0,001) y de la saturación venosa, y un descenso de la presión venosa y de la extracción de O2 (p < 0,001). Los factores pronósticos de mortalidad a las 24 h de iniciar la VAFO fueron: FiO2, PaO2/FiO2, índice de oxigenación, shunt, pH, presiones venosa central y arterial media, saturación venosa y extracción de O2. El modelo creado a las 12 h, compuesto por la SvcO2 y el ETO2, fue capaz de pronosticar la muerte con una probabilidad del 92,3%. Conclusiones: La VAFO mejora la hemodinámica. El modelo a las 12 h es el que mejor nos predice la muerte(AU)

Introduction: The high frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) may reduce cardiac output. The haemodynamics were analysed and predictors of mortality identified. Patients and methods: A total of 48 children with respiratory failure undergoing HFOV between January 2003 and December 2010 were included. The study design was prospective, observational, and descriptive. Inclusion criteria were based on the existence of hypoxemia. The variables studied were: arterial and central venous pressure, arterial pH, venous saturation and oxygen extraction ratio, with determinations performed prior to HFOV, during, and before turning to conventional ventilation. Prognostic factors were identified by bivariate analysis and a predictive model of mortality was developed. Results: The mean age was 21 [4 to 72] months. On admission, PRISM scales and Murray were 33 and 2.8, PaO2/FiO2 of 61 and oxygenation index of 35. After HFOV an increase in pH (P<0.001), mean arterial pressure (P<0.001) and venous saturation, and decreased venous pressure and O2 extraction (P<0.001), was obtained. The prognostic factors of mortality at 24hours after starting HFOV were: FiO2, PaO2/FiO2, oxygenation index, shunt, pH, central venous pressure and mean arterial pressure, venous saturation, and O2 extraction. The model developed at 12hours, consisting of EtO2 and SvcO2 was able to predict death with a probability of 92.3%. Conclusions: HFOV improves haemodynamics. The model at 12hours is the best predictor of death(AU)

[Oxygen extraction as a predictor of mortality in patients on high frequency ventilation]. / Extracción de oxígeno como predictor de mortalidad en pacientes con ventilación de alta frecuencia.

INTRODUCTION: The high frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) may reduce cardiac output. The haemodynamics were analysed and predictors of mortality identified. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 48 children with respiratory failure undergoing HFOV between January 2003 and December 2010 were included. The study design was prospective, observational, and descriptive. Inclusion criteria were based on the existence of hypoxemia. The variables studied were: arterial and central venous pressure, arterial pH, venous saturation and oxygen extraction ratio, with determinations performed prior to HFOV, during, and before turning to conventional ventilation. Prognostic factors were identified by bivariate analysis and a predictive model of mortality was developed. RESULTS: The mean age was 21 [4 to 72] months. On admission, PRISM scales and Murray were 33 and 2.8, PaO(2)/FiO(2) of 61 and oxygenation index of 35. After HFOV an increase in pH (P<.001), mean arterial pressure (P<.001) and venous saturation, and decreased venous pressure and O(2) extraction (P<.001), was obtained. The prognostic factors of mortality at 24 hours after starting HFOV were: FiO(2), PaO(2)/FiO(2), oxygenation index, shunt, pH, central venous pressure and mean arterial pressure, venous saturation, and O(2) extraction. The model developed at 12 hours, consisting of EtO(2) and SvcO(2) was able to predict death with a probability of 92.3%. CONCLUSIONS: HFOV improves haemodynamics. The model at 12 hours is the best predictor of death.

Marcadores pronósticos de mortalidad en el postoperatorio de las cardiopatías congénitas / Prognostic markers of mortality after congenital heart defect surgery

Introducción: Identificar los factores de riesgo de mortalidad postoperatoria para establecer indicaciones de oxigenación con membrana extracorpórea en niños cardiópatas. Pacientes y métodos: Entre abril del 2007 y junio del 2009 fueron intervenidos 186 niños con circulación extracorpórea. Se determinaron en sangre arterial y venosa, al ingreso en UCIP y a las 22 horas, el pH, la pCO2, la SatO2 y el exceso base, y el CO2 en aire espirado. El lactato se midió en quirófano, al ingreso en UCIP y durante el postoperatorio, para determinar el tiempo en que se mantuvo elevado, su pico máximo, y la velocidad de variación. Se calculó además, la diferencia arteriovenosa de la saturación de oxígeno, su extracción tisular, la fracción de espacio muerto y el shunt intrapulmonar. Resultados: La mortalidad hospitalaria fue del 13,4%. Se identificaron como factores de riesgo de mortalidad, la edad, el tiempo de extracorpórea, el score inotrópico; el lactato al ingreso, su pico máximo, la velocidad de variación y el tiempo en que estuvo elevado; la saturación venosa, el exceso de base, el espacio muerto, la extracción de oxígeno, y el shunt intrapulmonar. Las variables que mostraron mayor valor predictivo de mortalidad fueron el tiempo de extracorpórea, el lactato al ingreso y su pico máximo. En el análisis multivariante se detectaron como variables independientes de mortalidad, un pico de lactato de 6,3mmol/l y un tiempo hiperlactacidemia de 24 h. Conclusiones: La elevación máxima del lactato posee una alta capacidad predictiva de mortalidad y nos permitirá iniciar precozmente la oxigenación con membrana extracorpórea(AU)

Introduction: Our aim is to identify risk factors for mortality after surgery for congenital heart disease in children, in order to establish indications for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Patients and methods: One hundred and eighty six children underwent cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation from April 2007 to June 2009. The following parameters were measured serially during their stay in Paediatric Intensive Care (PICU): Arterial and venous blood pH, pCO2, base excess, oxygen saturation, arterio-venous oxygen saturation difference, oxygen extraction ratio, ventilatory dead space and intrapulmonary shunting. Results: Hospital mortality was 13,4%. The following risk factors for mortality were identified: age, bypass time, inotropic score, lactate level upon arrival in PICU including its peak value and its rate of variation, mixed venous saturation, base excess, ventilatory dead space, oxygen extraction ratio, and intrapulmonary shunting. However, the strongest predictors of mortality were bypass time, lactate levels upon admission on PICU, and the peak lactate level. Multivariate analysis showed a lactate level of 6.3mmol/l and a high blood lactate for 24hours to be independent predictors of mortality. Conclusions: The peak lactate level is a strong predictor of mortality. As such, it would be a useful indicator of the need for ECMO support(AU)

[Prognostic markers of mortality after congenital heart defect surgery]. / Marcadores pronósticos de mortalidad en el postoperatorio de las cardiopatías congénitas.

INTRODUCTION: Our aim is to identify risk factors for mortality after surgery for congenital heart disease in children, in order to establish indications for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred and eighty six children underwent cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation from April 2007 to June 2009. The following parameters were measured serially during their stay in Paediatric Intensive Care (PICU): Arterial and venous blood pH, pCO2, base excess, oxygen saturation, arterio-venous oxygen saturation difference, oxygen extraction ratio, ventilatory dead space and intrapulmonary shunting. RESULTS: Hospital mortality was 13,4%. The following risk factors for mortality were identified: age, bypass time, inotropic score, lactate level upon arrival in PICU including its peak value and its rate of variation, mixed venous saturation, base excess, ventilatory dead space, oxygen extraction ratio, and intrapulmonary shunting. However, the strongest predictors of mortality were bypass time, lactate levels upon admission on PICU, and the peak lactate level. Multivariate analysis showed a lactate level of 6.3mmol/l and a high blood lactate for 24hours to be independent predictors of mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The peak lactate level is a strong predictor of mortality. As such, it would be a useful indicator of the need for ECMO support.

Valoración pronóstica del switch arterial en la transposición de grandes arterias / Prognostic evaluation of arterial switch in the transposition of great arteries

Introducción y objetivos: El switch arterial es la intervención de elección para la transposición de grandes arterias con o sin comunicación interventricular. El objetivo ha sido la identificación de factores de riesgo de mortalidad hospitalaria. Métodos: Se intervinieron 121 niños entre enero de 1994 y junio de 2008. De ellos, 80 (66%) fueron diagnosticados de transposición con septo íntegro, y 41 (34%) con comunicación interventricular. Se recogieron variables del preoperatorio, de la intervención y del postoperatorio. Resultados: La edad fue de 11 [8 – 16] días y el peso de 3,5 [3,0 – 3,7] kg. A 11 niños (9,1%) se les cerró la comunicación interventricular. El 81,8% presentaba un patrón coronario normal. Se hizo cierre diferido del tórax en 38 pacientes (31,4%). La mortalidad hospitalaria fue del 11,6%, reduciéndose en los últimos 5 años al 2,1%. El peso, el patrón coronario anormal, el tiempo de circulación extracorpórea, la tensión arterial media al ingreso, el espacio muerto pulmonar y el cierre diferido del esternón fueron factores de riesgo de mortalidad. El modelo que mejor predice la muerte es el constituido por la tensión arterial media al ingreso y el cierre diferido del esternón. Conclusiones: La reducción en el tiempo de circulación extracorpórea y en el cierre diferido del esternón han contribuido a reducir la mortalidad. El patrón coronario anormal continúa siendo un factor de riesgo de mortalidad. En los niños con cierre diferido del esternón, una tensión arterial media al ingreso ≥ 47,5 mmHg es un objetivo a conseguir (AU)

Introduction and objectives: The arterial switch is the procedure of choice for transposition of great arteries, with or without ventricular septal defect. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for hospital mortality. Methods: The study included 121 children between January 1994 and June 2008. Of these, 80 (66%) were diagnosed with intact ventricular septum, and 41 (34%) with ventricular septal defect. Variables were collected pre-operatively, during surgery, and postoperatively. Results: The mean age was 11 [8 to 16] days and a mean weight of 3.5 [3.0 to 3.7] kg. A ventricular septal defect was closed in 11 children (9.1%). A total of 81.8% had a normal coronary pattern. There was delayed closure of the chest in 38 patients (31.4%). The hospital mortality was 11.6%, decreasing over the past 5 years to 2.1%. The weight, abnormal coronary pattern, time of cardiopulmonary bypass, mean arterial pressure at admission, pulmonary dead space, and delayed closure of the chest, were risk factors of mortality. The model that best predicts the death, consists of the mean arterial pressure at admission, and delayed closure of the chest. Conclusions: The reduction in extracorporeal circulation time and the use of delayed closure of the chest, have helped to reduce mortality. The abnormal coronary pattern remains a risk factor for mortality. In children with delayed closure of the chest, a mean arterial pressure at admission ≥ 47.5 mmHg is a goal to achieve (AU)

[Prognostic evaluation of arterial switch in the transposition of great arteries]. / Valoración pronóstica del switch arterial en la transposición de grandes arterias.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The arterial switch is the procedure of choice for transposition of great arteries, with or without ventricular septal defect. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for hospital mortality. METHODS: The study included 121 children between January 1994 and June 2008. Of these, 80 (66%) were diagnosed with intact ventricular septum, and 41 (34%) with ventricular septal defect. Variables were collected pre-operatively, during surgery, and postoperatively. RESULTS: The mean age was 11 [8 to 16] days and a mean weight of 3.5 [3.0 to 3.7] kg. A ventricular septal defect was closed in 11 children (9.1%). A total of 81.8% had a normal coronary pattern. There was delayed closure of the chest in 38 patients (31.4%). The hospital mortality was 11.6%, decreasing over the past 5 years to 2.1%. The weight, abnormal coronary pattern, time of cardiopulmonary bypass, mean arterial pressure at admission, pulmonary dead space, and delayed closure of the chest, were risk factors of mortality. The model that best predicts death, consists of the mean arterial pressure at admission, and delayed closure of the chest. CONCLUSIONS: The reduction in extracorporeal circulation time and the use of delayed closure of the chest, have helped to reduce mortality. The abnormal coronary pattern remains a risk factor for mortality. In children with delayed closure of the chest, a mean arterial pressure at admission ≥ 47.5 mmHg is a goal to achieve.